Francine Shapiro Library: EMDR Bibliography
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1. 齋藤 康子 齋藤 巖 - [Saito, Y., & Saito, I.] (1997). 戦闘活動による心的外傷後ストレス障害に対する眼球運動性脱感作と再構成法 (EMDR) - [Use of EMDR with Combat PTSD]. バイオフィードバック研究 - [Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 38-44].
Language: Japanese
Format: Journal
2. Albright, D. L., & Thyer, B. (2009). Does EMDR reduce post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in combat veterans?. Behavioral Interventions (early online view).
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1002/bin.295
Prior meta-analyses have suggested that eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may be effective in alleviating the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). EMDR is now being recommended as a treatment for military combat veterans who suffer from PTSD. We provide a review of published outcome studies that appeared in print from 1987 - April, 2008 which examined the specific effects of EMDR on PTSD among military combat veterans. Studies were identified through electronic bibliographic databases, web sites, and manual searches of article reference lists. A total of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three quasi-experimental studies met our inclusionary criteria and are reviewed. The evidence supporting the use of EMDR to treat combat veterans suffering from PTSD is sparse and equivocal, and does not rise to the threshold of labeling the therapy as an empirically supported treatment. It is premature to incorporate EMDR into routine care for veterans to alleviate combat-related PTSD. EMDR needs a considerably stronger evidentiary foundation which includes large-scale RCTs involving credible placebo controlled treatment conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: PSTD
3. Boudewyns, P. A. . Reaction of therapists to EMDR for combat-related PTSD: An early look. Augusta VA Medical Center and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Abstract: Seven therapists, two females and one male, were used for the study. Each therapist was randomly assigned to administer both exposure therapy and EMDR, but one had not yet completed an exposure therapy condition subject. All had been extensively trained in both techniques and all were experienced licensed psychologists with Ph.D. degrees. Each therapist was asked six questions regarding thei r response to the treatments and to the subjects. This is a composite summary of their responses.
4. Boudewyns, P. A., Hyer, L. A., Peralme, L., Touze, J., & Kiel, A. (1994, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for combat-related PTSD: An early look. Paper presented at the 102nd annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Combat PSTD War Military
5. Boudewyns, P. A., Stwertka, S. A., Hyer, L. A., Albrecht, S. A., & Sperr, E. V. (1993, February). Eye movement desensitization for PTSD of combat: A treatment outcome pilot study. The Behavior Therapist, 16(2), 30-33.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of eye movement desensitization (EMD) in reducing negative affect associated with traumatic memory in PTSD patients. In addition to evaluating the general efficacy of the EMD technique, we were also interested in controlling for the possible contribution of an exposure effect in accounting for any positive outcome. Shapiro finds that the technique can be effective in only one session. The present study uses two sessions of EMD offered to veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD. [Adapted from Text, p. 30]
Keywords: Combat PTSD Americans EMDR Psychobiology Psychophysiology PTSD (DSM-III-R) Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War
6. Carlson, J. G., & Chemtob, C. (1996, June). Scientific investigations into EMDR (Part I) – A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.
Language: English
Format: Conference
7. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1997). EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) for combat related post-traumatic stress disorder. Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 50-64.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: Studied the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Human Ss: 35 male American adults (aged 41-70 yrs) (PTSD) (34 Vietnam War veterans and 1 Korean War veteran). Tests used: The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (D. D. Blake et al, 1995), the restandardized MMPI, the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related PTSD (T. M. Keane et al, 1988), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Events Scale and the Initial Screening Questionnaire. Treatments: 10 Ss were administered 12 EMDR sessions, 13 Ss were administered 12 sessions of biofeedback and relaxation, and 12 Ss were administered standard treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Combat PSTD Military War Empirical Study Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
8. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1997). 戦闘活動による心的外傷後ストレス障害に対する眼球運動性脱感作と再構成法(EMDR) - [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder]. バイオフィードバック研[Japanese journal of biofeedback research, 24, 50-64] .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: Despite the clinical and social impact of PTSD, there are few controlled studies investigating its treatment. In this investigation, the effectiveness of two psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD were compared using a randomized controlled outcome group design. 35 combat veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were treated with either (a) 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR (n = 10), (b) 12 sessions of biofeedback-assisted relaxation (n = 13), or (c) routine clinical care, serving as a control (n = 12). Compared with the other conditions, significant treatment effects in the EMDR condition were obtained at posttreatment on a number of self-report, psychometric, and standardized interview measures. Relative to the other treatment group, these effects were generally maintained at 3-month follow-up. Psychophysiological measures reflected an apparent habituation effect from pretreatment to posttreatment but were not differentially affected by treatment condition. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Combat PTSD Adults Americans Biofeedback Training Males Arousal Randomized Clinical Trial Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
9. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muroaka, M. Y. (1995, June). EMDR in combat-related PTSD: A controlled study. Paper presented at the EMDR Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: In view of potential, but largely undocumented benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for PTSD in combat veterans, in our laboratory a study of EMDR treatment included (1) randomized patient assignment, (2) clinically appropriate comparison (treatment and control) groups, (3) a 12-session EMDR protocol administered by experienced, EMDR trained clinicians, and (4) extensive clinical assessment, including physiological evaluation at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Thirty-five veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD completed an extensive multimodal assessment protocol. Assessment instruments included: The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), a self-rating of overall severity of "PTSD symptoms," the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI). In addition, each subject completed a Stressful Scene Construction Questionnaire (SSCQ) in which scripts of specific traumatic combat incidents were prepared for presentation during psychophysiological assessment. Following pre-assessment, a subset of the subjects constituted a waiting list control (CON, N = 12). Routine clinical care for these subjects was available at the VA Medical Center. Seven of these subjects also participated in group sessions for discussion of PTSD designed as an attentional control. There were no differences between the two control subgroups and their data was combined for all subsequent analyses. For the treatment groups, subjects assigned to the EMDR (EMD, N = 10) and relaxation (RXT, N = 13) groups were seated in a semi-reclined chair and continuous measures were taken of muscle tension levels (four sites), hand temperature, skin conductance levels, heart rate, and blood pressure. For all subjects, there were 20 minutes in each of the baseline sessions with no additional stimuli presented. At the end of session 2 of baseline, the patients remained in the experimental room and were assessed for an additional 20 minutes (pre-treatment) during which the SSCQ scripts also were presented. There were two sessions per week with a minimum of one day between sessions. Each subsequent treatment session for the EMD and RXT subjects was approximately 60 minutes in duration, allowing for set-up time and briefing. In the EMD group, a standard protocol for the EMDR interventions was administered, including periodic SUDS ratings and VoC scaling of combat and related images and cognitions (cf Shapiro, 1995). In the RXT group, home relaxation tapes and biofeedback on four sites (face, neck, arm, and back) to assist lowered muscle tension were provided. Following 12 treatment sessions (post-treatment), and again after three months (follow-up) the psychometric instruments and psychophysiological assessment were readministered using the format outlined above. Relative to the other conditions, the EMDR treatment produced substantially more positive clinical effects at post-treatment and follow-up. Comparing the EMD group to the CON group, significant effects (p<.05 or better) were obtained on measures of PTSD including the Mississippi and PTSD symptoms self-rating, and on the Beck and STAI-Trait. Comparing the EMD group to the RXT subjects, significant differences were found on the Mississippi, the IES-Intrusion scale, the CAPS, PTSD symptoms ratings, and the STAI-Trait scale. No differences were obtained on any of the physiological measures. Therefore, the present results support the effectiveness of EMDR with combat veterans with chronic PTSD. The data strongly suggest that some previous negative results obtained when EMDR was applied to chronic and severe combat PTSD may have resulted from methodological artifacts, such as inadequate amount of treatment and therapist inexperience. While the failure to find physiological effects is consistent with results of other controlled treatment exposure trials in PTSD, this finding raises clinical and conceptual questions with respect to the arousal component of the disorder.
Keywords: Combat Controlled Study
10. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N.L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998, January). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 3-24.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: Despite the clinical and social impact of PTSD, there are few controlled studies investigating its treatment. In this investigation, the effectiveness of two psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD were compared using a randomized controlled outcome group design. 35 combat veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were treated with either (a) 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR (n = 10), (b) 12 sessions of biofeedback-assisted relaxation (n = 13), or (c) routine clinical care, serving as a control (n = 12). Compared with the other conditions, significant treatment effects in the EMDR condition were obtained at posttreatment on a number of self-report, psychometric, and standardized interview measures. Relative to the other treatment group, these effects were generally maintained at 3-month follow-up. Psychophysiological measures reflected an apparent habituation effect from pretreatment to posttreatment but were not differentially affected by treatment condition. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Adults Americans Biofeedback Training Males Arousal PTSD Randomized Clinical Trial Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
11. Carlson, J., & Chemtob, C. (1997, Spring). The role of "resolute perception" in EMDR: Reply to Linda Waters. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 100.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: Replies to the comments by L. Waters (see record 84-36309) on the article by J. G. Carlson et al (see record 84-01737) regarding the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment (EMDR) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam combat veterans. The authors suggest that Waters' interest in considering curative elements in psychotherapy common to a number of methods is useful because it encourages clinicians to focus on EMDR as a complex of procedures. The EMDR method of psychotherapy purports to provide a mechanism to enable and accelerate the resolution of experiences that otherwise might remain in stasis indefinitely. Waters' thoughtful letter suggests to the authors that EMDR may be reaching a level of clinical acceptance that is provoking a careful examination beyond an exclusive focus on 1 component, the eye movements, to consideration of EMDR as a sophisticated method of brief psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Rapid PTSD Vietnam War Veterans Commentary Reply Combat Experience PSTD Military Veterans Letter Comment Reply
12. Carlson, J., Chemtob, C., Rusnak, K., & Hedlund, N. (1996, Spring). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 33(1), 104-113.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1037/0033-3204.33.1.104
4 Vietnam veterans diagnosed with PTSD were treated with 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), targeting their combat memories. An extensive multimodal assessment battery showed very substantial clinical improvement for 3 of the veterans along a number of psychological dimensions that characterize the disorder, but not along several physiological parameters. A fourth veteran showed only very modest changes. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of several issues, including numbers of treatment sessions and differential effects of treatment on cognitive-behavioral and physiological symptoms. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: African Americans Case Report European Americans Male Middle Aged PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War Psychophysiology
13. Cerone, M. R. (2000, November). EMDR treatment of combat-related guilt: A study of the effects of eye movements. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Guilt War Veterans Adults Americans PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Poster
14. Cerone, M. R. (2000, November). EMDR treatment of combat-related guilt: A study of the effects of eye movements. Poster session at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Poster
15. Cerone, M. R. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of combat-related guilt: A study of the effects of eye movements. Temple University. AAT 9990301.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and to test the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of guilt associated with combat trauma. EMDR was compared to a non-eye movement (NEM) analog, which entailed the full EMDR procedure minus the eye movements. A single-case multiple component cross-over design across 7 participants was utilized.Participants were combat veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD at the Coatesville Veterans Administration Medical Center. 4 participants were introduced first to the EMDR condition and 3 participants were introduced first to the NEM analog condition. Each participant was exposed to both conditions. Dependent measures included: (1) pre- and post-treatment scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV - One Week Symptom Status Version (CAPS-SX), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Trauma Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI), (2) self-monitoring data on the frequency and intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt, and (3) measures of participants' subjective level of distress within sessions and pre- and post-treatment using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). As measured by SUDS ratings, EMDR resulted in a greater decrease in dyphoric affect within-session than the NEM analog. EMDR also resulted in a significant decrease in mean SUDS ratings from pre- to post-treatment. EMDR resulted in significant decreases in combat-related PTSD symptomatology, as measured by pre- and post-treatment scores on the CAPS-SX, BDI, and IES. EMDR also resulted in significant decreases in mean pre- and post-treatment frequency of self-reported intrusive thoughts and mean pre- and post-treatment intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt. Additionally, EMDR resulted in a significant decrease in pre- and post-treatment scores on one scale and two subscales of the TRGI. No differences in the mean frequency and intensity of self- reported intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt were detected between EMDR and the NEM analog. Results of the present study support the role of eye movements in attaining treatment gains with EMDR. Additionally, this study supports the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of combat-related guilt. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(10-B), Apr 2001, pp. 5555.
Keywords: Guilt War Veterans Adults Americans PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Empirical Study
16. Daniel, K. (1994, March 1). Therapy helps combat veterans: VA doctor wants to test groups of veterans to show how process can reduce painful memories. Augusta, GA: The Augusta Chronicle, All, Metro, A10.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract: The image is familiar: A combat veteran so bothered by the memories of war that he cannot live a normal life seeks therapy to erase his demons. What you won't recognize is the treatment he's now likely to receive. A new form of therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, or EMDR, is being used at Veterans Affairs centers across the country to help veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. Described as ``slightly odd,'' EMDR incorporates rapid-eye movements into an otherwise typical therapy session, making it sort of a shifty-eyed, shell-shocked trip into the potholes of memory lane.
Keywords: Veterans Combat Augusta
17. Dexter, B. A. (2008, September). Working with active duty, Reserve and National Guard, military, and military organizations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: Rapidly increasing numbers of Active Duty, Reserve and National Guard combat veterans and their families are receiving mental health treatment provided by civilian therapists. Therapists who have not served in the military can develop military cultural knowledge and provide equally high quality service to military individuals and families. We will discuss and develop EMDR targets related to Combat Stress Reactions, narcissism, ‘violations of the social contract’ and other trauma. Participants will receive a large amount of material in handouts and have considerable opportunity for case discussion and more.
Keywords: Military Combat Veterans
18. Figley, C. R. (2005, October 21). Treating combat/operational stress-related PTSD. Phoebe Behavioral Health Center at Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, GA.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract: Purpose: Emphasize the importance of caregiving to warfighters affected by combat/operational stress especially the stress from the current war in the Middle East and good strategies for diagnosis and treatment of the unwanted consequences of the warfighters and their families.
Keywords: Combat Stress Operational Stress War
19. Francke, B. (2008, August). EMDR case studies. Paper presented at the USMC Combat Operational Stress Control Conference, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: EMDR is one of the most effective short term treatment approaches for trauma. The use of EMDR in the treatment of combat stress improves Marines’ and Sailors’ adaptive functioning, thus improving Mission Readiness. Research has shown a rapid decline in self reported distress after only one session of EMDR (Rogers, et al 1999). Additionally, 77.7% of combat veterans treated with EMDR no longer met criteria for PTSD (Carlson et al, 1998). Now more than ever effective short term treatment is available. This presentation will include several case studies highlighting the use of EMDR in treating combat stress symptoms.
Keywords: Case Studies Combat Stress Marines Mission Readiness
20. Frueh, B. C., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (1995). Exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 15(8), 799-817.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1016/0272-7358(95)00049-6
This review critically examines the treatment outcome literature using exposure treatment for combat-related PTSD. Although the current literature is quite underdeveloped, available data suggest that exposure is superior to wait-list controls and "standard treatment." In particular, exposure treatment results in decreased symptoms of intrusive images, cognitions, and physiological arousal. Treatment gains are maintained for as long as 6 months. Limitations of current studies, important procedural variables, patient characteristics, and issues of measurement are highlighted. Finally, efficacy of exposure alone as a treatment for PTSD and the need for addition of other behavioral treatment strategies to exposure is discussed. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Exposure Therapy Literature Review PTSD Systematic Desensitization Therapy Therapeutic Community Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
21. Hanson, S. (2005, March 1). Stress takes its toll on combat veterans. VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, [5 pages].
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract: The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are producing more than just physical casualties. A study released last year shows that up to 17% of combat troops return with emotional problems, including PTSD. "In an honest: assessment of threats to this new generation of veterans, PTSD and emotional or mental [VFW Magazine Abstract]
Keywords: Combat Veterans Stress
22. Hughes, J. H. (2006, March). EMDR with combat veterans. Paper presented at the 4th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, London, UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: EMDR is a useful tool in the clinical armarnentarium for the treatment of posttraumatic stress reactions in service personnel who have been involved in armed conflict. Some of the issues involved in working with this client group will be discussed and illustrated, where appropriate, with case material. Outcome measures of the successful use of EMDR with this population will be presented.
Keywords: Combat Veterans
23. Hurley, E. C., Zabukovec, J., Click, J., Francke, B., & Burd, J. (2009, August). EMDR and combat trauma. Preconference workshop at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: This one-day workshop is designed to provide EMDR clinicians essential information for providing psychotherapy to veterans, active military personnel with combat trauma, and military families. The morning session provides essential information for psychotherapists working with military and veteran cultures, including how soldiers transition to combat and later transition from combat to home. Video interviews with key individuals within the military will address issues in working within the DOD/VA. The afternoon part of the session will include a panel of EMDR consultants, representing extensive experience working with combat trauma and military families. The panel will address treatment issues in working with combat trauma, as well as address questions generated by participants. Video presentations will highlight issues in the treatment of life adjustment issues, combat trauma and military families.
Keywords: Combat
24. Hyer, L. A., Boudewyns, P. A., Peralme, L., Touze, J., & Kiel, A. (1995, June). Controlled treatment outcome study using EMDR on combat-related post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Paper presented at the EMDR Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: After the status of PTSD was established, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; EMDR, exposure control (EC), and group (GT). Subjects in EMDR condition received at least five but no more than eight sessions of EMDR. EC condition subjects therapy procedure as the EMDR subjects but without the eye movements. Subjects in the GT condition received five to eight session of group therapy only. Outcome measures were at intervals; prior to therapy, immediately following therapy and at two follow-up periods. These include: (1) self report or interview-related psychological measures (Combat Exposure scale, MMPI-2 PTSD, Veterans Adjustment Scale (VETS), Mississippi Scale, Hamilton (Depression and Anxiety); (2) behavioral outcome measures (employment, treatment seeking behavior medication therapy, and re hospitalization rate); and (3) psychophysiological response measures (skin conductance, frontalis EMG, heart rate and blood pressure). The last measures involved a change measure in psychological arousal during exposure to tape recorded scripts depicting the patients' most traumatic combat memory. In addition to these pre-, post-, follow-up measures, measures (SUD, profile of mood scale (POMS), and impact of events scale (IOE) were taken at each therapy session. Early results on selected outcomes show differences in positive outcome between conditions POMS EMDR>GT (p<.01); IOE Avoidance, EMDR>GT (p<.04); IOE Intrusion, EMDR>GT(p<.03); Heart Rate, EMDR>GT (p<.04). Presently, there were no other significant differences between EMDR or EC. Trends, however suggest that EMDR may be superior to EC on several of the measures. These results indicate that EMDR may be producing greater reduction in the conditioned emotional response to traumatic memories in these patients, when compared to group therapy approach commonly used to treat these types of patients in a special VA treatment program.
Keywords: Controlled Treatment Outcome Study Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disoder PTSD
25. Jayatunge, R. M. (2006). The efficacy of EMDR – A study based on Sri Lankan combatants. New Hope, PA: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs [21 pages].
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract: This paper discusses the therapeutic effects of EMDR or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. EMDR is a relatively new trauma management method that has been used to treat Sri Lankan combatants with PTSD and other trauma related disorders. The feasibility of this mode of therapy is summarized. Practical trauma management issues in the field setups are reviewed and some case examples are provided. EMDR is considered to be an effective treatment for PTSD and Sri Lankan combat veterans diagnosed with combat related PTSD (uncontrolled study; 18 males) showed significant improvements from pre- to posttreatment following EMDR.
Keywords: Sri Lanka Combatants PTSD
26. Jayatunge, R. M. (2008). Combating tsunami disaster through EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 140-145.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: After the 2004 tsunami devastation in Sri Lanka, many citizens experienced severe psychological reactions. The effectiveness of EMDR is illustrated in the treatment of 7 of these individuals: 3 children and 2 adults with PTSD symptoms and 2 adults with depressive symptoms. After 3-8 sessions of EMDR the symptoms were eradicated and these clients were free from their depressive feelings, anxieties, intrusions, and nightmares, were able to function normally, and were able to lead productive lives. These outcomes replicate those in the research literature demonstrating that EMDR is an efficacious treatment for PTSD in general, with specific utility for disaster-related PTSD. It is recommended that future controlled studies be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of EMDR in the immediate aftermath of disasters and to assess its effectiveness with major depressive disorder. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Disaster South Asia 2004 Tsnumai Children Adults Sri Lanka
27. Jensen, J. A. (1994, Spring). An investigation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 25(2), 311-325.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80290-4
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) was investigated with 25 Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD, randomly assigned to EMD/R or a control condition. First, PTSD was assessed and subjects were assisted in developing a PTSD-related treatment goal. Subjective anxiety and a belief in a positive cognition related to war trauma were also assessed. Second, EMD/R subjects were then seen for one history-taking session and two treatment sessions. Approximately 17 days after the initial assessment, repeat assessments of PTSD symptomatology, goal attainment, subjective anxiety, and belief in desired positive cognitions were conducted. Overall, EMD/R showed little effectiveness in this study. Although effective in reducing in-session subjective anxiety, EMD/R was not effective in improving other PTSD symptoms, in contributing to goal attainment, or in increasing subjects' beliefs in their desired positive cognition. The results imply that EMD/R may not be successful in treating Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Americans Longitudinal Study Males Middle Aged PTSD Randomized Clinical Trial Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War Empirical Study
28. Jensen, J. A. (1992). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as a treatment for PTSD symptoms of Vietnam combat veterans. University of Wisconsin at Madison. AAT 9221917.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) was compared with that of a control (no treatment) condition in the treatment of Vietnam combat veterans with postraumatic stress disorder. 27 volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to the EMD/R and control conditions, with 13 EMD/R and 12 control subjects completing the entire study. Two therapists trained in EMD/R, and three trained interviewer/testers contributed in running the study.Prior to random assignment, subjects indicated one PTSD-related goal for the study. They were also assessed on a measure of present PTSD symptoms, a measure of subjective anxiety, and a measure of belief in a positive cognition related to war trauma. They were then randomly assigned to conditions, with EMD/R subjects receiving three treatment sessions within a week. Approximately 17 days after the initial assessment, each subject was retested on the measures of PTSD symptoms, subjective anxiety, and of the desired positive cognition. At this time, goal attainment was also assessed, and another general PTSD instrument was given. Statistical analysis of both test-retest and posttest only measures indicated a general lack of effectiveness of EMD/R with the subjects in this study. While EMD/R was effective and statistically superior to the control condition in reducing in-session subjective anxiety, neither condition was effective in improving scores on the two PTSD symptom measures, in contributing to goal attainment, or in increasing subjects' beliefs in their stated desired positive cognition regarding war trauma. This study's lackluster results are in sharp contrast to the considerable success reported in Shapiro'soriginal EMD/R study incorporating few combat veterans. With certain procedural diversions acknowledged, this study's findings provide little support for widespread use of EMD/R as an intervention for Vietnam combat veterans' PTSD symptoms. Implications are that combat veterans with PTSD may comprise a population with distinctly chronic and disturbing symptomotology, and that the brief and novel EMD/R procedure may not be successful with such a population. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Americans Male Middle Aged PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War
29. Keane, T. M. (2008, Spring). Treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to military combat. Good Practice, 3, 6-10.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
30. Keane, T. M., & Phelps, R. (2008). Treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to military combat. Practice Update, American Psychologist Association, 1-4.
Language: English
Format: Other
31. Kiessling, R. (2006, September). From BLS to EMDR: Treating survivors of trauma, natural disaster, and combat along a time and stability continuum. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: The Comprehensive treatment protocols and treatment outcomes of EMDR have been well researched and documented. The calming effects of bilateral stimulation (BLS) and its impact on having images fade have also been documented. Consequently, there are many situations where stabilization and symptom reduction may be appropriate and/or necessary, such as trauma from terrorism, natural disasters and combat. This workshop will discuss a number of Bilateral Stimulation (BLS) interventions along a time and client stability continuum. Participants will learn and hone their skills using a number of stabilization and symptom reduction interventions through lecture, video and live demonstration, as well as small group practice of these more truncated, target specific, symptom desensitization protocols. Additionally, participants will understand when to select these interventions in preparing the client for the comprehensive EMDR treatment protocols.
32. Larsen, W. (1992, December). Monitoring therapeutic change via dream content. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(2), 20.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract: Many of my clients are combat veterans who have been experiencing their various PTSD symptomatology for 20 years or longer. Because of the extremely subjective nature of their experiences, and the fact that gains in reprocessing do not necessarily transfer into immediate behavioral changes, I have sought ways to document my clients' progress as treatment continues.
Keywords: Dreams Combat Veterabs PTSD
33. Lipke, H. (1995). Notes on treatment resistance to EMDR in the treatment of combat related PTSD. In H. Lipke, Manual for the teaching of Shapiro's EMDR in the treatment of combat-related PTSD, (Sec. 1-5) Pacific Grove, CA: EMDR Institute.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Keywords: Treatment Resistance Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Combat
34. Lipke, H. (1995). Manual for the teaching of Shapiro's EMDR in the treatment of combat-related PTSD. Pacific Grove, CA: EMDR Institute.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract: Manual for the Teaching of Shapiro’s EMDR in the Treatment of Combat Related PTSD. An original Professional Psychology manuscript outlining the basic tenets of EMDR and their application to the treatment of post-traumatic stress in combat veterans. [EMDR-HAP]
Keywords: Combat War Veterans PTSD Military
35. Lipke, H. (1992, April). Combat-related PTSD. Paper presented at the EMDR Conference, Sunnyvale, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
36. Lipke, H., Rogers, S., & Errebo, N. (2005, September). Getting past “You weren’t there”: EMDR and the combat veteran. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: The EMDR trauma protocol was based, in part, on Shapiro's early work with combat veterans. In a time of ongoing military conflicts, private practitioners may be encountering the challenges of working with returning veterans for the first time. Using a combination of case examples, videotapes, and research, the presenters will discuss common characteristics of combat veterans, countertransference and other therapist issues, and integration and modification of the EMDR protcol.
Keywords: Combat Veteran Countertransference
37. Macklin, M. L., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Berry, N. J., Orr, S.P., & Pitman, R. K. (2000, January-February). Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(1), 24-27.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90127-5
This study reports the results of a 5-year follow-up evaluation of 13 Vietnam combat veterans with chronic PTSD who participated in a study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy previously reported in this journal. Pretreatment and follow-up psychometric outcome measures were compared with those of a demographically matched control group of 14 combat veterans with chronic PTSD who did not receive EMDR. Analysis of variance showed that the modest to moderate therapeutic benefits that were manifest immediately following EMDR were lost at the 5-year follow-up evaluation, and there was an overall worsening of PTSD symptomatology over the 5-year period in both EMDR-treated and nontreated control subjects. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Americans Follow-up Study Males PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War Empirical Study Followup Study Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
38. McMichael, W. H. (2005, February 7). Navy psychologist advocates unusual post-combat therapy. Air Force Times, 65(29), 26-27.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: A Navy psychologist is championing a therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder that could mean faster and more effective treatment for troops overcome with memories of war’s horrors. [Text, p. 1] [NKU]
Keywords: Navy Military War PSTD
39. Narimani, M., Rajabi, S., & Ahari, S.S. (2008). Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Science, 8(10), 1932-1937 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.3923/jas.2008.1932.1937
This research aims to determine efficacy of two therapeutic methods and compare them: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for reduction of anxiety and depression for Iranian combatant afflicted with Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after imposed war. Statistical population of current study includes combatants afflicted with PTSD that were hospitalized in Isas Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil. These persons were selected through simple random sampling and were randomly located in three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools include hospital anxiety and depression scale. This survey showed that exercise of EMDR and CBT has caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: CBT PSTD Posttraumatic Stres Disorder Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Anxiety Disorders Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Iranians Middle Aged Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War Anxiety Depression
40. Newhouse, E. (2008). Faces of combat, PTSD and TBI: Join one man's battle to improve treatment for our veterans. Enumclaw, WA: Issues Press.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract: Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Eric Newhouse issues a call to help America s returning warriors in his latest book, Faces of Combat, PTSD and TBI: One Journalist s Crusade to Improve Treatment for Our Veterans. His concern is that one-third to one-half of the 1.6 million men and women serving in Iraq and Afghanistan can be expected to return home with one or all three emotional disorders post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), traumatic brain injury(TBI), or major depression. But the Veterans Administration is already overloaded in treating soldiers from previous conflicts, primarily Vietnam vets who never received the help they needed and deserved. Faces of Combat shows how the suicide of a previously deployed National Guardsman galvanized Montana officials to become a model state in assessing the mental health of its soldiers, taking additional steps that should become the norm nationwide. Soldiers tell their heartbreaking stories, what happened to them in battle and what happened when they came home. They explain their uncontrollable rage, alcoholism, nightmares, flashbacks, divorce, joblessness and homelessness. They talk about the battlefield reactions to civilian provocations that are landing too many of them in jail. A female combat photographer, Jamie Bender, talks about the damage that resulted from taking pictures in a field littered with body parts and being ordered not to cry at the memorial services for four of her dead friends. Her photographs illustrate this book. Other female soldiers discuss the trauma of being raped by fellow American soldiers. Finally, Faces of Combat evaluates the VA s conventional treatment, which is generally inadequate even if available, and suggests some alternative treatments that appear to be working in private practice. It also provides lists of resources for vets across the country.
Keywords: Combat PTSD TBI Traumatic Brain Injury Posttruamatic Stress Disorder
41. Ouellette, D. W. (2007, September-October). "Getting the war out:" New paradigms for healing post-traumatic stress. Natural Life News & Directory.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract: EMDR is a psychotherapeutic approach developed by Francine Shapiro that uses dual attention stimulation, such as eye movements, bilateral sound, or bilateral tactile stimulation, to resolve symptoms resulting from exposure to a traumatic or distressing event. Clinical trials have demonstrated EMDR's efficacy in the treatment of PTSD. It has shown to be more effective than some alternative treatments and equivalent to cognitive behavioral and exposure therapies.Although some clinicians may use EMDR for various problems, its research support is primarily for disorders stemming from distressing life experiences.
Keywords: Combat Veterans War
42. Rogers, S. (2006, September). Combat veterans. Preconference at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: Know the Why and How to Choose Your What: Some Essentials of EMDR Model and Methodology: Part 2 of 2
43. Rogers, S. M. (2008, June). EMDR and the Treatment of Combat Trauma. Keynote address at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: From the first days of its development, EMDR was applied to those suffering from the trauma of war. As EMDR pioneers worked with this population, the unique features of resolving combat-related PTSD rapidly became clear. These features included not only the complexity of the symptoms, issues, and the involvement of other life experiences but included also the particular skills, knowledge, and attitudes needed of the clinician. In the area of research, while the population of survivors with warrelated PTSD steadily and unfortunately has grown, research has not kept pace. This has resulted not only in deficits of the scientific support for EMDR but has contributed to challenges to the use of EMDR with combat veterans.
44. Rusmir, S. (2008). Kompletna remisija simptoma akutnog neratnog PSSP-a nakon jedne seanse EMDR - [Complete symptom's remissions of acutre non-combat PTSD after one session]. Acta Medica Saliniana, 37(2), 147-150.
Language: Bosnian
Format: Journal
Abstract: Uvod: Mnoge studije ukazuju na efikasnost psihoterapijske metode Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing u liječenju stanja nastalih kao reakcija na težak stres. Do sada u Bosni i Hercegovini nije bilo objavljenih studija vezanih za EMDR.
Prikaz slučaja: U radu je prikazan pacijent obolio od akutnog posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja nakon što je preživio nesreću u rudniku. Nakon jedne seanse EMDR simptomi se u potpunosti povlače, a pacijent se vraća na premorbidni nivo psihosocijalnog funkcionisanja.
Zaključak: Pacijenti tretirani sa EMDR imaju mnoge koristi od ovakvog pristupa, posebno u slučajevima posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja uzrokovanog jednostavnom traumom koja se počne liječiti rano, prije inkorporiranja u ličnost pacijenta.
Background: Recent studies pointed to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing as an efficient psychoterapeutic approach in the treatment of states caused by severe stress. Until now in Bosnia and Hercegovina were no published studies regarding to EMDR.
Case report: Patient with acute posttraumatic stress disorder developed after he survived the mining accident was presented. After one session of EMDR simptoms were solved, and patient returns at premorbid level of psychosocial functioning.
Conclusion: Patients treated with EMDR has a lot of benefits from this approach, especialy in cases of Posttraumatic stress disorder caused by simple trauma that is not incorporated into patients personality.
Keywords: Neratni PTSP Psihoterapija Non-combat PTSD Psychotherapy
45. Russell, M. C. (2006). Treating combat-related stress disorders: A multiple case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with battlefield casualties from the Iraqi war. Military Psychology, 18(1), 1-18.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1207/s15327876mp1801_1
Casualties from the Iraqi War were evacuated to a field hospital in Rota, Spain, and were screened for combat-related stress conditions. Four combat veterans requested immediate relief of their posttraumatic symptoms prior to returning to the United States. A single session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) led to significant improvement in their acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. A detailed account of those treatment sessions, as well as the proposed alterations of standard protocols for time-limited fieldwork, is presented. Compared to other early interventions, EMDR may be better suited for combat veterans. The results are promising but in need of further research.
Keywords: Combat Related Stress Disorders Battlefield Casualties Iraqi War Acute Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Symptoms Combat Experience PTSD War Eye Movements Hospitals Empirical Study Followup Study Quantitative Study
46. Russell, M. C. (2008). War-related medically unexplained symptoms, prevalence, and treatment: Utilizing EMDR within the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 212-225.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.212
The mental health impact of war is often underestimated by military, government, and media officials who focus primarily on well-known conditions like depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while ignoring the complex toll of modern warfare. These effects are clearly evident in "war syndromes," many of which can be collectively understood as medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). The current study provides a brief historical review of combat-related MUS as well as an analysis of present evidence of a possible "Iraqi War Syndrome." An overview of past and current treatments for combat MUS is followed by a single case study treating an Iraqi war combat veteran with combat-related MUS with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Therapy resulted in significant improvement of the patient's 1-year psychophysical condition and comorbid PTSD. We provide a detailed account of those treatment sessions as well as a discussion of EMDR's potential to simultaneously treat a range of combat-related psychophysical conditions without requiring extensive homework or self-disclosure that some military patients may resist. The results are promising, but they require further research. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Medically Unexplained Symptoms War Syndromes Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Adults Americans Iraq War Marine Personnel Military Psychiatry Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Somatic Symptoms Veterans
47. Russell, M. C., & Silver, S. M. (2007). Training needs for the treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A survey of Department of Defense clinicians. Traumatology, 13(3), 4-10.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: 10.1177/1534765607305440
In 2004, the United States Departments of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Defense jointly published clinical-practice guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder (CPG-PTSD). These identified 4 psychotherapies for PTSD: cognitive therapy, eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation therapy. One hundred thirty-seven mental-health professionals employed by the military or the VA were surveyed as to whether they used any of these psychotherapies and the extent of their training in them. Ninety percent of respondents reported not using any of the 4 psychotherapies. Of those who did, most had received their training before their affiliation with the military, and only a handful had training in the specific use of psychotherapy with PTSD. The lack of available, CPG-identified, effective psychotherapies is discussed as a barrier to treatment, as are possible reasons the psychotherapies are not used. A brief description of a training program is provided along with suggestions for the future.[Author]
Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Mental Health Personnel Military Psychiatry Professional Training PTSD United States Department of Defense
48. Silver, S. M. (2002, January/February). EMDR and terrorism: Combating fear of the future. EMDRNews.com.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract: The events of September 1 lth further stimulated the growing interest in the uses of EMDR for traumatic reactions to terrorism. For many years EMDR has been used with survivors of terrorism all over the world and this has led to a greater understanding of terrorism, how to respond to it, and how to treat the reactions it produces.
Keywords: Terrorism
49. Unknown. (2008, August). Can combat operational stress be cured?. Paper presented at the Combat Operational Stress Control Conference, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: No abstract available.
Keywords: Combat
50. Waters, L. (1997, Spring). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD: Commentary. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 99.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: No abstract available.
Keywords: Rapid Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing Treatment Vietnam War Veterans Commentary Combat Experience PTSD Military Veterans Comment Reply
51. Wills, S. M., & Kraber, G. (2001, December). The effects of exposure-based therapy on attitudes about guilt in Vietnam combat veterans. Poster presented at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: There has long been consistent agreement that guilt has both cognitive and affective dimensions. Cognitive components of guilt can be seen in the errors of logic and resulting faulty conclusions that trauma victims often make about their roles in traumatic events. The present investigation will present outcome data on the Changing Attitudes About Guilt in a group of Vietnam Combat Veterans who were treated in a 20-week program that included a combination of Cognitive Processing group therapy and individual Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). The ten veterans participated in a structured, time-limited trauma group in which they addressed issues peripheral to combat exposure in 20 weekly 90-minute group sessions. Each individual group member also underwent a minimum of theree individual EMDR sessions to process traumatic combat experiences. The Kubany Attitudes About Guilt Inventory was administered at the beginning of the group prior to EMDR sessions and again at the final session of group. Post-group follow up data is also included in this presentation.
Keywords: Combat, Vietnam Group Therapy Veterans Poster
52. Zabukovec, J. (1993, Winter). The use of EMDR with combat veterans. EMDR Network Newsletter, 3(1), 18-25.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: In discussing the use Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with veterans with military-related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), an overview of the disorder will be provided. Additionally, salient aspects of PTSD will be reviewed; considerations for dissociative clients will be delineated; case examples illustrating applications of EMDR will be provided; issues with respect to client preparation will be discussed; and special needs, such as treating outpatients, will be explored.
53. Zimmermann P., Biesold, K. H., Barre K., & Lanczik M. (2007, May). Long-term course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in German soldiers: Effects of in patient eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy and specific trauma characteristics in patients with non-combat-related PTSD. Military Medical, 172(5), 456-460 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated a patient population of 89 German soldiers who received inpatient treatment for PTSD at the German Armed Forces Hospital in Hamburg from 1998 to 2003.METHODS: Patients were nonrandomly assigned to a treatment group who received eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and a comparison group with general hospital treatment and relaxation training. Follow-up information was obtained 29 months post-treatment. Trauma-related symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale and the Post-Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS-10) as parameters of improvement. RESULTS: The Impact of Event Scale showed that inpatient trauma therapy with EMDR significantly improved the course of PTSD. In addition, the Impact of Event Scale indicated a significantly poorer long-term outcome for patients who had been confronted with death during their traumatic experience. Other factors tested were of no significant influence. CONCLUSIONS: These results may influence further treatment strategies for traumatized German soldiers. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Army Personnel German Adults PSTD Treatment Effectiveness Psychiatric Inpatients Stressors Survivors